The main form of the verb is called infinitive. In Polish infinitive ends on –ć, rarely –c, i.e.: czytać – to read, pisać – to write - you cannot tell who does it.
In English you simply add subject before verb: I read, you read, she reads…
In Polish subject is hidden in the verb’s ending: (ja) czytam, (ty) czytasz, (on) czyta. Therefore you have to remember endings assigned to each person.
There are three* patterns of conjugation (verb ending changes) which differ in the endings of 1st and 2nd persons singular. Remember, vowel in the 2nd person’s ending will appear in 3rd person singular and 1st and 2nd persons plural.
I – i.e. pisać (-ę, -esz) | II – i.e. myśleć (-ę, -isz/-ysz) | III – i.e. czytać, rozumieć (-am, -asz) or (-em, - esz) |
ja piszę | ja myślę | ja czytam, rozumiem |
ty piszesz | ty myślisz | ty czytasz, rozumiesz |
on/ona/ono pisze | on/ona/ono myśli | on czyta, rozumie |
my piszemy | my myślimy | my czytamy, rozumiemy |
wy piszecie | wy myślicie | wy czytacie, rozumiecie |
oni/one piszą | oni/one myślą | oni czytają, rozumieją |
You might be wondering what 'j' does in the 3rd person plural sometimes. Just remember, in Polish there is no such a thing like aą, eą or oą so we put 'j' between them.
So once again, endings as simple as possible:
czytać – to read
person | stem | vowel | ending | explanations |
ja | czyt | a | m | |
ty | czyt | a | sz | |
on/ona/ono | czyt | a | - | |
my | czyt | a | my | |
wy | czyt | a | cie | |
oni/one | czyt | a | ją | add ‘j’ to separate ‘a’ and ‘ą’ |
chodzić - to go
person | stem | vowel | ending | explanations |
ja | chodz | ę | ||
ty | chodz | i | sz | vowel in 2nd person appears |
on/ona/ono | chodz | i | - | here |
my | chodz | i | my | here |
wy | chodz | i | cie | and here |
oni/one | chodz | ą |
*There are various classifications of conjugation patterns. I know it but you don't have to unless you love linguistics...
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